Quando è consigliabile il ricorso alla trabeculoplastica laser nella gestione del glaucoma primario? È possibile utilizzarla come primo approccio terapeutico?
La Trabeculoplastica Laser Selettiva (SLT) dovrebbe essere riconosciuta come una possibile opzione per il trattamento del glaucoma primario nei casi di ipertensione oculare, glaucoma primario ad angolo aperto e glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo. Noi abbiamo pubblicato nel 2004 il primo paper sull’utilizzo della SLT come trattamento terapeutico primario, col 31% di riduzione della IOP. Questo “numero magico”, il 30-31% di riduzione della IOP è stato riportato anche da Mcintyre, Nagar, e lo studio multicentrico di confronto tra SLT e terapia medica (Katz et al.). Come routine io spiego a questi pazienti l’opzione della SLT vs un approccio iniziale con la terapia medica, e molti pazienti preferiscono la SLT per via dei seguenti vantaggi: eccellente profilo di sicurezza, efficacia del 92% per 3 anni, procedura rapida ed agevole, nessun bisogno di colliri e vantaggi sul piano dei costi (la SLT è risultata “cost effective” [efficace in termini di costo] rispetto ai farmaci dopo due anni).
Il glaucoma pigmentario e quello pseudoesfoliativo richiedono un approccio specifico?
In entrambi i casi è necessaria una maggiore attenzione nell’erogazione dell’energia laser a causa dell’eccessiva pigmentazione dell’angolo.
La ricerca concernente i meccanismi di morte cellulare delle cellule ganglionari retiniche (RGC) è destinata a cambiare il nostro approccio alla diagnosi e trattamento del glaucoma?
Questo è un tema chiave nella ricerca concernente il glaucoma. Una volta che riusciremo a comprendere meglio cosa innesca la morte delle RGC e come è possibile modificare il meccanismo apoptotico, saremo in grado di mettere a punto un approccio neuroprotettivo che, speriamo, “salverà” il nervo ottico dalla progressione del danno.
Ritiene che gli screening per il glaucoma siano da raccomandare e portino benefici corrispondenti ai loro costi?
Lo screening per il glaucoma è un’attività tutt’altro che facile. Lo screening dovrebbe essere basato non solo sulla misurazione della IOP, ma anche sulla raccolta di dati storici e clinici, che prendano in considerazione il nervo ottico e includano l’effettuazione dei test del campo visivo. Questi requisiti possono limitare la realizzazione su ampia scala di screening su popolazione per il glaucoma.
Allo stato attuale delle conoscenze scientifiche esistono dei biomarker affidabili per i pazienti a rischio di glaucoma?
Allo stato attuale dell’arte, non c’è alcun biomarker “accettabile” ed affidabile per valutare i rischi di glaucoma, che possiamo utilizzare di routine. Non ho un’esperienza diretta in questo affascinante nuovo campo di ricerca e posso semplicemente fare riferimento al nostro collega, Prof. Stefano Gandolfi, che è attivamente coinvolto nello studio di una varietà di biomarker per il rischio glaucoma.
GLAUCOMA MANAGEMENTE AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
(Testo originale in lingua inglese)
We have asked a few questions to Prof. Shlomo Melamed of Tel Aviv University to understand the state of the art and the future perspectives in glaucoma management. For his professional expertise he can be for us an excellent guide to the latest technological and scientific developments.
We can start our interview with your opinion about the importance of technological research.
No doubt that technological research and development are essential for improved diagnosis and treatment of Glaucoma.
[caption id="attachment_1510" align="alignright" width="132"] Shlomo Melamed
Full professor of ophthalmology at Tel Aviv University Medical School and Director of the Sam Rothberg Glaucoma Center, Tel Hashomer (Israel).[/caption]
Could you explain to our readers the recent applications of the use of laser in penetrating and nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery?
I am actively involved in the development and evaluation of the CO2 laser Sclerectomy which is a minimally invasive procedure aimed at the un-roofing of Schlemm’s canal ab-externo. This may fit into your definition of “Non-Penetrating” surgery, although I don’t think we should use this term, as all of our procedures are somehow “penetrating”.
There were several attempts in the past to use various lasers for full-thickness filtration surgery. We tried the Flash-Lamp Pulsed Dye Laser for creating a sclerectomy Ab-Interno after staining the Trabeculum with Methylene Blue, but the hypotensive effect was short lived. Holmium Laser and even Excimer laser (by Prof. Carlo Traverso) were used as well, but due to practical issues as well as complications related to full-thickness surgery – all of them have not materialized into routine procedures for Glaucoma.
Do you think that surgical expertise will maintain a central importance with the development of more and more precise lasers?
It is a hard question. On one hand, refining lasers and improved precision of laser systems will enhance our abilities to be more accurate while focusing on miniature structures (such as Schlemm’s Canal). However, the more advanced tools we shall have, we shall dare more by aiming at targets which have been out of the scope of our abilities to treat, and this may require additional surgical expertise.
Which are the main advantages and limits of innovative techniques compared with traditional trabeculectomy?
The main advantage is getting rid of the filtration bleb, which is a source for so many troubles such as: foreign body sensation, pain, discomfort, Dellen formation, hypotony, blebitis and endophthalmitis.
The limits may be the more complex and complicated technologies required for new methodologies which make the surgery more demanding.
When laser trabeculoplasty can be recommended in the management of early glaucoma or even as primary treatment?
Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT) should be recognized as an option for Primary Glaucoma treatment in cases of OHT, Primary open angle glaucoma and PXF Glaucoma. We published in 2004 the 1st paper on use of SLT as primary Rx, with 31% reduction of IOP . This “magic number” of 30-31% IOP reduction was also reported by Mcintyre, Nagar, and the multi-center study comparing SLT to Medical Rx (Katz et al.). I routinely explain to these patients the option of SLT vs. start of Medical Rx, and many patients prefer the SLT due to these advantages: superb safety profile, 92% efficacy for 3 years, quick and easy procedure, no need for drops and cost issue (SLT was found to be cost effective over drugs after 2 years).
Pigmentary and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma require which kind of specific approach?
Both require more careful energy delivery due to excessive pigmentation in the angle.
The research concerning the mechanisms of retinal ganglion cell death will change our approach to glaucoma diagnosis and treatment?
This is a key issue in Glaucoma research. Once we understand better what triggers RGC’s death and how the apoptotic route can be modified – we shall be able to come up with a Neuroprotective approach which will hopefully “save” the optic nerve from further damage.
Do you think that glaucoma screenings should be recommended and are worth their costs?
Screening for Glaucoma is not an easy task. Screening should be based not only on measurement of IOP, but also on collecting historical and clinical data, evaluating optic nerves and performing visual field tests. These requirements may limit large scale population screening for Glaucoma .
At the present state of scientific knowledge are there reliable bio-markers for glaucoma risk-patients?
At the current state of the art, there are no “acceptable” and reliable bio-markers evaluating risks for Glaucoma which we can use routinely. I have no experience in this intriguing new field of research, and can only refer you to our colleague Prof. Stefano Gandolfi, who is actively involved in studying a variety of bio-markers for Glaucoma risk.
Dr. Carmelo Chines
Direttore responsabile